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# Urartian Monuments: Ancient cities and monuments of Urartu with images and brief information.

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## Posts
- [Urartian Inscription of Başbulak](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/basbulak/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 218, v. 5 p. 133.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006924).
- [Urartian Inscription of Değirmenköy](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/degirmenkoy/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 247, v. 5 pp. 165–166.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006962).
- [Urartian Inscription of Bingöl Dağ](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/bingoldag/): References:König, F. W. 1955. Handbuch der Chaldischen Inschriften, Graz (No. 107).Lynch, H. F. B. 1901. Armenia: Travels and Studies, vol. II (pp. 73, 373).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 450–451, v. 5 p. 279.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007081).
- [Urartian Inscription of Hamam](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/hamam/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 363, v. 3 p. 244, v. 5 p. 232.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007033).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Shisheh](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/shisheh/): The rock inscription is located on the mountain overlooking the village of Shisheh, about 40 km northeast of Ahar in Iranian Azerbaijan. It was discovered in 1998 by A. Hejebri-Nobari during an archaeological survey. It is carved on the east face of the rock forming the highest peak of the mountain, which is inside a pre-Urartian fortress. The inscription is inside a niche 85 cm high and 141 cm wide. Its central section is heavily damaged due to the backward slant of the rock surface, which exposes it to the elements. The text is largely parallel to the Razliq (A 11-4) and Nashteban (A 11-5) inscriptions.
- [Urartian Inscription of Ortadamla](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/ortadamla/): References:Çavuşoğlu, R. & M. Salvini. 2003. “The Urartian Rock Inscription of Damla Köy,” SMEA 45,  185–190.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 435–436, v. 3 p. 271, v. 5 p. 264.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007054).
- [Urartian Inscription of Ererin](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/ererin/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 88).Salvini, M. 1971. “Neues urartäisches Inschriftenmaterial aus sowjetischen Veröffentlichungen,” ZA 61, 242–254 (250–254).Salvini, M. 2003. “Collazioni e ricostruzioni di testi urartei nella zona di Van. 2. Raccordo fra due stele di Minua,” SMEA 45, 209–223 (218–219).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 211, v. 3 p. 135, v. 5 p. 127.Salvini, M. 2020. “Storia moderna di due stele urartee dell’800 a.C.,” in Σπουδῆς οὐδὲν ἐλλιποῦσα (Gs Biraschi), eds. G. Maddoli, M. Nafissi, & F. Prontera, Perugia, 535–551.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006916).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Ayanis](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/ayanis-inscriptions/): References:Salvini, M. 2001. “The Inscriptions of Ayanis. Monumental Stone Inscriptions,” in Ayanis I. Ten Year’s Excavations in Rusahinili Eiduru-kai (Documenta Asiana 6), eds. A. Çilingiroğlu & M. Salvini, 254–271.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 565–570, v. 3 pp. 338–343, v. 5 pp. 317–322.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007100).
- [Urartian Inscription of Karmir Blur](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/karmirblur-inscriptions/): Multiple inscribed building blocks, all part of the same large text, were uncovered in 1962 during excavations at Karmir Blur, the site of an ancient Urartian city. A total of 12 blocks, two of which are fragmentary, were found in a medieval pit in the southeast section of the mound. The text belongs to the reign of Rusa II and is a near duplicate of the one found in the temple at Ayanis (A 12-1), although a smaller part is preserved. Comparison with Ayanis indicates the blocks were originally organized similarly at the entrance of a temple structure in eight sections/rows on the left and right façade and the left and right corridor. Of the 12 blocks, eight belong to rows I and II on the left façade, one to row III on the left corridor, and three to row VIII on the lower row of the right façade. A small fragment found in 1986 in Noragavid, a southern suburb of Yerevan, also belongs to row V of the right corridor wall. The second line of the inscription gives the city’s name as “City of the Storm God of the Land of the Aza” (mʾa-za-i-ni KUR-ni dIM-ni URU). All blocks have a height of 43.5 cm, but their widths vary. The blocks are preserved in the Armenian History Museum in Yerevan. The small fragment from Noragavid and a small fragment of section VIII are in the Erebuni Museum.
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Razliq](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/razliq/): References:André-Salvini, B. & M. Salvini. 1999. “The Urartian Rock Inscriptions of Razliq and Našteban (East Azerbaijan, Iran),” SMEA 41,  17–32.Benedict, W. C. 1965. “Two Urartian Inscriptions from Azerbaijan,” JCS 19, 35-40.Ceylan N. & M. Çiftçi. 2021. “Kuzeybatı İran’daki Urartu Yazıtlarındaki Savaş ve Propaganda İfadeleri,” MANAS 10.2, 1369–1388 (Foto 5).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 542–543, v. 3 p. 332, v. 5 pp. 310–311.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007095).
- [Urartian Inscription of Movana](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/movana/): The tall stele with a Urartian-Assyrian bilingual inscription was discovered in 1995 in a field about 1–2 km west of the village of Movana (Mavana), located about 30 km west of Urmia, Iran. It was subsequently transferred to the Urmia Museum. Like the Kelishin stele, its surface is covered with bullet holes, likely from when it was still erected, probably on the mountain above Movana. Reportedly, it was once used to cover a tomb. A 10 cm-wide hole at the top section was apparently made to attach a rope for dragging it. It measures 2.73 m in height, 69.5 cm in width, and 32.5 cm in depth. The stele is inscribed on all four faces: the obverse and right side in Urartian, and the reverse and left side in Assyrian. The text is a near duplicate of two other steles of Rusa I from further south—Mergeh Karvan (A 10-4) and Topzawa (A 10-5)—and together they indicate the route taken by Rusa I on his way to Ardini (Assyrian Muṣaṣir).
- [Urartian Inscription of Topzawa](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/topzawa/): The bottom section of a four-sided stele fragment with a Urartian-Assyrian bilingual inscription was discovered in the early 19th century in situ, standing in a base about 1.5 km from the village of Topzawa. The stele remained there until recent years, when it was transported along with its base to the Erbil Museum in northern Iraq. Locally, the stele was known as Kel-i-gaur ("Infidel’s Pillar"). It stood about 25 km west of the Kelishin stele of Išpuini and Minua, which is about a century older. It was first copied and transcribed by Belck and C. F. Lehmann-Haupt in 1899. The text is a near duplicate of the two other steles of Rusa I: Movana (A 10-3) and Mergeh Karvan (A 10-4). The present fragment is 116 cm high (including a 35 cm tenon), 72 cm wide, and 33 cm deep. Since the Assyrian version has the same line arrangement as the 2.73 m-tall Movana stele (which is missing only the tenon), the original height of this stele must have been close to 3 m.
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Sıhke](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/sihke/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 102).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 264, v. 3 p. 188, v. 5 p. 181.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006989).
- [Urartion Inscription of Akdamar](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/akdamar/): References:Işık, K. 2019. “Urartian inscriptions at the Van Museum. A New Collection,” in Over the Mountain and Far Away (Fs Salvini), eds. P. V. Avetisyan, R. Dan & Y. H. Grekyan, Oxford, pp. 296–303 (Fig. 12).Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 52).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 214–215, v. 3 p. 138, v. 5 pp. 130–131.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006921).
- [Urartian Inscription of Çelebibağ](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/celebibag/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 535–537, v. 3 pp. 324–325, v. 5 pp. 301–305.Salvini, M. 2010. “Die Stele Argišti's II. aus Çelebibağı bei Erciş. Kollationen und Ergänzungen,” Hethitica 16, 151–174.Salvini, M. 2010. “L’altra faccia della stele. Van, July 2009,” Orientalia 79, 120–129 and Plts. XII–XX.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007092).
- [Urartian Inscription of Hagi](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/hagi/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (Plt. XXXIX).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 537–540, v. 3 pp. 326–327, v. 5 pp. 305–308.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007093).
- [Urartian Inscription of Bitlis](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/bitlis/): References:Dinçol, A. M. 1989. “Yeni Urartu Yazıtları ve Yazıt Parçaları,” Anadolu Araştırmaları 11, 137–142 and Plts. 1–6 (138 and Plts. 3–4).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 5 pp. 187–188.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007000).
- [Urartian Inscription of Bağın](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/bagin/): References:Danışmaz, H. 2018. Arkeolojik Veriler Çerçevesinde Urartu Krallığı’nın Eyalet Sistemi, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul (pp. 15–16, Photos 1–3).König, F. W. 1955. Handbuch der Chaldischen Inschriften, Graz (No. 73).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 197–198, v. 3 p. 122, v. 5 pp. 114–115.Schäfer, H.-P. 1973/74. “Zur Stele Menuas aus Bağın (Balın),” Istanbuler Mitteilungen 23/24, 33–37.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006906).
- [Urartian Inscription of Kasımoğlu](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kasimoglu/): The stele was found reused as a column base in the church of Surb Hovhannes in the village of Kasımoğlu (old Gjusnents), about 30 km north of the city of Van. The cross and Armenian inscription carved on the reverse indicate that the stele was later repurposed as a gravestone. The stele is inscribed on both sides with the same Urartian text. The basalt stele has a height of 91 cm, a width of 65 cm, and a thickness of 31 cm. It is on display in the Van Museum.
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Pirabat](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/pirabat/): References:Payne, M. & Ceylan, A. 2011. “More inscribed Urartian stones from Erzurum Museum,” SMEA 53, 189–194.Salvini, M. 2012. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 4 (p. 264).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Karagündüz](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/karagunduz/): References:Salvini, M. 1984. “La stele di Karagündüz,” in Tra lo Zagros e l'Urmia. Ricerche storiche ed archeologiche nell'Azerbaigian iraniano, eds. P. E. Pecorella et al., Roma, pp. 57–62 and Plt. III.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 137–140, v. 3 pp. 84–87, v. 5 p. 67–70.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006894).
- [Urartian Inscription of Tirmet](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/tirmet/): References:Biber, H., K. Işık & S. Erdoğan. 2012. “A New Urartian Stele Fragment from Alazlı/Tirmet, Province of Muş,” AJNES 7.1, 86–98.Biber, H., K. Işık & S. Erdoğan. 2015. “The Story of Tirmet Stele,” AJNES 9.2, 82–91.Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (Plt. XXIV).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 193–195, v. 3 pp. 120–121, v. 5 pp. 109–113.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006904).
- [Urartian Inscription of Ilandagh](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/ilandagh/): References:Hmayakyan, S. G., V. A. Igumnov & H. H. Karagyozyan. 1996. “An Urartian Cuneiform Inscription from Ojasar-Ilandagh, Nakhichevan,” SMEA 38, 139–151.Salvini, M. 1998. “Eine urartäische Felsinschrift in der Region Nachičevan,” ZA 88, 94–99 with Plts. I–IV.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 137, v. 3 pp. 82–83, v. 5 p. 67.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006893).
- [Urartian Inscription of Koçyatağı](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kocyatagi/): References:Çavuşoğlu, R., K. Işık & M. Salvini. 2010. “New Urartian Inscription from East Turkey,” Orientalia 79, 36–54 and Plts. I–X.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 644, v. 3 p. 384, v. 5 p. 357.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007116).
- [Urartian Inscription of Tashtepe](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/tashtepe/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 20).Salvini, M. 1984. “L’iscrizione rupestre di Taštepe,” in Tra lo Zagros e l'Urmia. Ricerche storiche ed archeologiche nell'Azerbaigian iraniano, eds. P. E. Pecorella et al., Rome, pp. 19–21, 26, 65–69 and Plt. VIIIb.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 200–201, v. 3 pp. 123–124, v. 5 pp. 117–118.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006908).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Muş](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/mus/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 195–196, v. 3 p. 121, v. 5 pp. 113–114.Tseretheli, G. V. 1939. Urartskie Pamjatniki Muzeja Gruzii/The Urartean Monuments in the Georgian Museum Tbilissi, Tbilisi (Plt. XVII).eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006905).
- [Urartian Inscription of Mt. Tarageh](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/tarageh/): References:Salvini, M. & M. Dara. 2019. “An Urartian rock inscription on Mt. Taragheh, in Iranian Azerbaijan,” AJNES 13-2, 69–81.
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Salmanağa](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/salmanaga/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 48).Salvini, M. 2003. “Collazioni e ricostruzioni di testi urartei nella zona di Van,” SMEA 45, 209–223.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 209–211, v. 3 pp. 133–134, v. 5 p. 125–127.Işık, K. 2019. “Urartian inscriptions at the Van Museum. A New Collection,” in Over the Mountain and Far Away (Fs Salvini), eds. P. V. Avetisyan, R. Dan & Y. H. Grekyan, Oxford, pp. 296–303 (Fig. 3).Salvini, M. 2020. “Storia moderna di due stele urartee dell’800 a.C.,” in Σπουδῆς οὐδὲν ἐλλιποῦσα (Gs Biraschi), eds. G. Maddoli, M. Nafissi, & F. Prontera, Perugia, 535–551.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006915).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Malazgirt](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/malazgirt/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 212, v. 3 p. 136, v. 5 p. 128.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006918).
- [Urartian Inscription of Ortakent](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/ortakent/): References:Dinçol, A. & B. Dinçol. 1992. “Die urartaeische Inschrift aus Hanak (Kars),” Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Sedat Alp, eds. H. Otten et al., Ankara, pp. 109–117.Salvini, M. 2006. “Die Felsinschrift Argišti I. bei Ortakent, Kreis Hanak (Osttürkei),” Orientalia 75, 73–83 and  Plts. IV–VIII.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 347–348, v. 3 pp. 221–222, v. 5 pp. 215–216.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007008).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Taşburun](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/tasburun/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 21).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 183–184, v. 3 pp. 106–107, v. 5 pp. 99–100.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006899).
- [Urartian Inscription of Yeşilalıç](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/yesilalic-inscription/): References:Dan, R. 2017. "The gate and temple of Ḫaldi in Ašotakert/Yeşılalıç and the evolution of Urartian cultic complexes," AJNES 11, 161–185 (Fig. 13).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 129–130, v. 3 pp. 74–76, v. 5 pp. 59–60.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006887).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Qalatgah](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/qalatgah/): The stone with a five-line inscription was found in 1968 during a survey by Christopher Hamlin of the University of Pennsylvania, where it had been reused in a dam at a site called Qalatgah in the Ushnu valley of Iran. The monument is associated with the Urartian stronghold built on a mountaintop at Qalatgah. The stone has dimensions of 88 cm in width, 44 cm in height, and 33 cm in depth. Only the beginnings of the lines are preserved, and it is believed that the original inscription was twice as large. It is housed in the Museum of Ancient Iran in Tehran.
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Muhrapert / Göründü](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/muhrapert/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 130–131, v. 3 p. 76, v. 5 pp. 60–61.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006888).
- [Urartian Inscription of Yazılıtaş](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/yazilitas/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 189–191, v. 3 p. 117, v. 5 pp. 105–107.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006901).
- [Urartian Inscription of Palu](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/palu-inscription/): References:Köroğlu, K. & A. M. Dinçol. 1989. “Palu yazıtı üzerine bir not”, Anadolu Araştırmaları 11, 123–129.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 192–193, v. 3 pp. 119–120, v. 5 pp. 108–109.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006903).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Delibaba and Hasankale](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/delibaba/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (Nos. 59–61, Plt. LVIII).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 229–230, v. 3 pp. 147–148, v. 5 pp. 144–145.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006939).
- [Urartian Inscription of Başkale](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/baskale/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 237, v. 3 p. 154, v. 5 pp. 155–156.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006950).
- [Urartian Inscription of Meher Kapı](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/meher-inscription/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 125–129, v. 3 pp. 68–74, v. 5 pp. 55–59.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006886).
- [Urartian Inscription of Eleşkirt (Toprakkale)](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/eleskirt/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 28, Fig. 9).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 134–135, v. 3 pp. 79–80, v. 5 pp. 66–67.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006892).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Minua Canal (Shamran)](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/minuacanal-inscriptions/): References:Erdoğan, S. 2006. Minua (Şamram) Kanalı ve Urartu Bahçeleri, M.A. Thesis. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Van (Plt. XXIV, 41).Müller-Simonis, P. 1892. Du Caucase au Golfe Persique, à travers l’Arménie, le Kurdistan et la Mésopotamie, Washington D.C. (image b/w p. 252–253).Salvini, M. 1992. “Il canale di Semiramide,” Geographia Antiqua 1: 67–80.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 203–205, v. 3 pp. 126–128, v. 5 pp. 120–122.Şen, M. 2022. Yeni Veriler Işığında Minua (Şamram) Kanalı ve Kanala Yönelik Koruma Önerileri, M.A. Thesis, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi (p. 73 Resim 28, p. 78 Resim 32).eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006910).
- [Urartian Inscription of Muradiye](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/muradiye/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 47, Plt. LIV).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 208–209, v. 3 p. 132, v. 5 p. 125.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006914).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Sarmaç](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/sarmac/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 66).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 235, v. 3 p. 151, v. 5 p. 153.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006945).
- [Urartian Inscription of Metsopay](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/metsopay/): References:König, F. W. 1955. Handbuch der Chaldischen Inschriften, Graz (No. 68).Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 94).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 259, v. 3 p. 184, v. 5 pp. 176–177.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006981).
- [Urartian Inscription of Keçikıran](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kecikiran/): The stele fragment was found in the house of Kasım İlçiboğa in the village of Keçikıran, about 15 km east of Muradiye, near the northeastern shores of Lake Van. A publication of the inscription was already produced by Donbaz and Wilhelm in 1996 based on an unprovenanced copy. An Urartian period hill-top fortification is located to the west of the village. The inscription is fully preserved on the rectangular basalt fragment, which has been cut at the top and bottom. In 2012, the fragment was moved to the Van Museum. It measures 73 cm in height, 62 cm in width, and 32 cm in depth. The inscription is a dedication to the god Šebitu.
- [Urartian Inscription of Aliler Kale](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/aliler/): References:Belli, O. 2004. “An early Iron Age and Urartian Fortress: Aliler,” SMEA 46, 5–14 (11, 13).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 264–265, v. 3 p. 189, v. 5 p. 181.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006990).
- [Urartian Inscription of Garni](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/garni/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 351, v. 3 pp. 227–228, v. 5 pp. 219–220.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007013).
- [Urartian Inscription of Marmashen](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/marmashen/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 350, v. 3 pp. 225–226, v. 5 pp. 217–218.Salvini, M. 2011. “Urartu Tarihine Genel Bir Bakış / An Overview of Urartian History,” in Urartu: Doğu’da Değişim / Transformation in the East, eds. K. Köroğlu & E. Konyar, İstanbul, 74-101 (Fig. 8).eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007011).
- [Urartian Inscription of Sarıkamış](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/sarikamis/): References:König, F. W. 1955. Handbuch der Chaldischen Inschriften, Graz (No. 89).Nikolsky, M. V. 1896. Klinoobraznye nadpisi Zakavkaz'ia, Materīaly po arkheologīi Kavkaza V, Moskva (No. XXI, Plt. XXII). Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 346–347, v. 3 p. 220, v. 5 pp. 214–215.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007007).
- [Urartian Inscription of Lchashen](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/lchashen/): References:König, F. W. 1955. Handbuch der Chaldischen Inschriften, Graz (No. 86).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 350–351, v. 3 p. 226, v. 5 p. 218.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007012).
- [Urartian Inscription of Guganis](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/guganis/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 365–366, v. 3 p. 247, v. 5 p. 234–235.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007039).
- [Urartian Inscription of Arinçkus](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/arinckus/): References:Işık, K. 2015. “A Fragmentary Stela of the Urartian King Argišti I found in Arinçkus, to the Northwest of Van Lake,” ZA 105, 215–219.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 268, v. 3 pp. 193–194, v. 5 pp. 238–239.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007045).
- [Urartian Inscription of Habibuşağı](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/habibusagi/): References:Kalaç, M. 1956 “Kömürhan Urartu Kitabesi,” Belleten 20, 349–354.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 431–433, v. 3 pp. 267–268, v. 5 pp. 259–261.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007049).
- [Urartian Inscription of Atamhan](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/atamhan/): References:Nikolsky, M. V. 1896. Klinoobraznye nadpisi Zakavkaz’ia, Materīaly po arkheologīi Kavkaza V, Moskva (No XVI, Plt. XXVIII).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 433–434, v. 3 p. 269, v. 5 pp. 261–262.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007051).
- [Urartian Inscription of Karakala](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/karakala/): References:Nikolsky, M. V. 1896. Klinoobraznye nadpisi Zakavkaz’ia, Materīaly po arkheologīi Kavkaza V, Moskva (No XXIV, Plt. XI).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 353, v. 3 p. 230, v. 5 p. 222.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007016).
- [Urartian Inscription of Bahçecik](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/bahcecik/): The incomplete slab was found in the early 1990s built into the wall of a private house in the village of Bahçecik in the Karakoçan district of Elazığ. The slab measures 59 cm in height, 90 cm in width, and 30 cm in thickness and is currently in the Elazığ Museum. It is believed to have originated from the nearby Urartian settlement located on a mound north of the village. If so, the inscription names it Sardurihinili and announces a governor of the region that borders Malatya, Kummuh(?), and Nihriya.
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Çavuştepe](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/cavustepe-inscriptions/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 442, v. 3 pp. 277–278, v. 5 p. 271.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007062).
- [Urartian Inscription of Tsovak](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/tsovak/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 434, v. 3 p. 270, v. 5 pp. 262–263.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007052).
- [Urartian Inscription of Javankaleh](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/javankaleh/): References:Salvini, M. 2005. “Urartu. La scoperta di due iscrizioni rupestri in Iran e in Turchia,” SMEA 47, 241–256 (241–248).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 351–352, v. 3 pp. 228–229, v. 5 pp. 220–221.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007014).
- [Urartian Inscription of Nor-Bajazet](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/norbajazet/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 495, v. 3 p. 292, v. 5 p. 283.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007085).
- [Urartian Inscription of Mahmudabad](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/mahmudabad/): References:Ceylan N. & M. Çiftçi. 2021. “Kuzeybatı İran’daki Urartu Yazıtlarındaki Savaş ve Propaganda İfadeleri,” MANAS 10.2, 1369–1388 (Foto 3).Salvini, M. 1977. “Eine neue urartäische Inschrift aus Mahmud Abad (West Azerbaidjan),” AMI 10, 125–136.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 508–509, v. 3 p. 321, v. 5 pp. 298–299.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007090).
- [Urartian Inscription of Qarajalu](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/qarajalu/): References:Dara, M., H. N. Someeh & M. Rokni. 2025. “A newly-discovered Urartian rock inscription in Qarajalu: The first piece of evidence about Rusa I’s presence in the east of Urmia Lake,” Ancient Iranian Studies 4, 113–122.Salvini, M. 2025. “Un nouveau texte de Rusa (I) Sardurihi suggère peut être une solution pour la vexata quaestio de la chronologie des rois urartéens entre VIIIe et VIIe siècle,” NABU 2025-3, 130–135.
- [Urartian Inscription of Kaleköy](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kalekoy-inscription/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 577–578, v. 3 pp. 357–358, v. 5 pp. 330–332.Schäfer, H.-P. 1977. “Die Inschrift Rusa II. Argišteḫinis in Mazgirt-Kaleköy (UKN 279 = HchI 127),” SMEA 18, 249–268.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007105).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Karataş](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/karatas/): References:Salvini, M. 1993. “Le iscrizioni di Sarduri II a Karataş,” Orientalia 62, 71–79 and Plts.  I–II.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 436, v. 3 p. 272, v. 5 pp. 264–265.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007055).
- [Urartian Inscription of Zvartnots](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/zvartnots/): Translation: “(1) For the god Haldi, his Lord, Rusa, son of Argišti, erected this stele. (4) Through the protection of the god Haldi, Rusa, son of Argišti, says: the valley of the land of Qublini was void, nothing was there; (9) As soon as(?) the god Haldi gave the command, I planted this vineyard, (and) I planted a grain field and a new fruit orchard. (13) I founded a new city (or: settlement) there, I dug a canal from the river Ildarunia, –Umešini is (its) name – in the appertaining valley of Rusa. (17b) When the canal flows, a lamb should be sacrificed for the god Haldi, a sheep for the god Haldi, a sheep for the Weather-God, a sheep for the Sun-God should be sacrificed, (and) a cow(?) for the deity Aniqu. (22) When the waters decrease(?) a kid should be sacrificed for the god Haldi (and) a sheep should be sacrificed for the god Haldi. A sheep for the Weather-God, a sheep for the Sun-God, (and) a cow(?) for the deity Anita. (26) (I am) Rusa, son of Argišti, strong king, great king, king of the lands, king of the Bia lands, king of kings, lord of Ṭušpa-City. (31) Rusa, son of Argišti, says: (as for the one) who destroys this inscription, (as for the one) who damages it, (34) (as for the one) who removes it from its place, (as for the one) who throws it down to earth, (36) (as for the one) who throws it into the water, (as for anyone) else who says: ‘I made it,’ (38b) (as for the one) who erases (my) name and puts his name, (may it be) either an Urartian, or a foreigner, (42a) may the god Haldi, the Weather-God, the Sun-God (and all) the gods annihilate his name, his offspring, his progeny from (lit. towards) the earth.”
- [Urartian Inscription of Hazine Piri Gate](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/hazinepiri-inscription/): The 4-line Urartian inscription is written on a door-shaped niche, locally known as Hazine Piri Gate, which is carved into an isolated rock outcrop near Elmalık (Zivistan), south of the city of Van. The niche is about 1.5 meters high, 1.2 meters wide, and 8 cm deep. The center of the niche has suffered some damage at the hands of treasure seekers, but the inscription in the top section is largely intact. It dates to the reign of Išpuini.
- [Urartian Inscription of Nashteban](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/nashteban/): References:André-Salvini, B. & M. Salvini. 1999. “The Urartian Rock Inscriptions of Razliq and Našteban (East Azerbaijan, Iran),” SMEA 41, 17–32.Benedict, W. C. 1965. “Two Urartian Inscriptions from Azerbaijan,” JCS 19, 35-40.Ceylan N. & M. Çiftçi. 2021. "Kuzeybatı İran’daki Urartu Yazıtlarındaki Savaş ve Propaganda İfadeleri," MANAS 10.2, 1369–1388 (Foto 10).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 543, v. 3 p. 333, v. 5 pp. 311–312.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007096).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Ezhdaha Bulaqi](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/ezhdahabulaqi/): References:Salvini, M. 1984. “La nicchia rupestre di Ain-e Rum,” in Tra lo Zagros e l'Urmia. Ricerche storiche ed archeologiche nell'Azerbaigian iraniano, eds. P. E. Pecorella et al., Roma, pp. 71–76 and Plts. IX–XI.Salvini, M. 2021. “The Rock Niche of the Urartian King Minua at Ain-e Rum in Iranian Azerbeijan,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on the Iron Age in Western Iran and Neighbouring Regions, eds. Y. Hassanzadeh, A. A. Vahdati & Z. Karimi, Tehran, pp. 80–93.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 242–244, v. 3 pp. 166–168, v. 5 pp. 161–162.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006957).
- [Urartian Inscriptions around Lake Keşiş](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kesis/): References:Salvini, M. 2006. “Le due stele di Rusa Erimenaḫi dal Keşiş¸ Göl,” SMEA 48, 209–272.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 625–628, v. 3 pp. 372–379, v. 5 pp. 351–355.Salvini, M. 2012. “Das Corpus der Urartäischen Inschriften,” in Biainili-Urartu, eds. S. Kroll et al., Acta Iranica 51, Leuven, 111–134 (Fig. 08.24)eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007111).
- [Urartian Inscription of Mergeh Karvan](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/mergehkarvan/): The four-sided stele fragment with a Urartian-Assyrian bilingual inscription was discovered in 1976 among the ruins of the medieval village of Mergeh Karvan, located about 7 km east of the Kelishin Pass on the Iraq-Iran border. It was subsequently transported to the Museum of Ancient Iran in Tehran. The stele is damaged on the obverse with a large hole from secondary use, and the inscribed surfaces are badly preserved. It measures 68/70 cm in height, 66/67 cm in width, and 26.5 cm in depth. The text is a near duplicate of two other steles of Rusa I: Movana (A 10-3) and Topzawa (A 10-5). The line arrangement of the preserved Assyrian text is identical to the other two, suggesting the complete stele was likely similar to the almost fully preserved Movana stele, with a height of about 2.73 m.
- [Urartian Inscription of Kelishin](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kelishin/): The Kelishin stele once stood in its original stone base at the Kelishin Pass in the northern Zagros Range, on the road between Ushnaviyeh (Ushnu) and Rowanduz, which marks the border between Iran and Iraq. "Kel-i-shin," meaning "blue pillar," refers to the bluish diorite stone. The stele has a height of 175 cm, a width of 62 cm, and a depth of 31 cm. Its base measures 130 x 140 cm and is 36 cm in height. In 1981, the stele was moved to the Urmia Museum, where it remains on display. The stele bears a bilingual Urartian-Assyrian inscription from the reign of Išpuini and Minua. The Urartian inscription is carved on the east-facing side and the Assyrian on the west-facing side. Its content glorifies a cultic journey by the Urartian rulers to the temple of the national god Haldi in the city of Ardini (Assyrian Muṣaṣir). Although not definitively established, Ardini/Muṣaṣir is thought to be located near the modern-day town of Mjesar in Iraq, right next to the Iranian border.
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Kef Kalesi](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kefkale-inscriptions/): References:Bilgiç, E. & B. Öğün. 1965. “Second Season Excavation at Kef Kalesi of Adilcevaz (1965),” Anadolu /Anatolia 9, 11–28 (24 plates).Salvini, M. 1998. “The Inscription of the Urartian King Rusa II at Kefkalesi (Adilcevaz),” SMEA 40, 123–129.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 582, v. 3 pp. 363–366, v. 5 pp. 335–336.Seidle, U. 1993. "Urartaische Bauskulpturen," in Studies in Honor of Nimet Özgüç, eds. M. J. Mellink, E. Porada, T. Ozgüç, Ankara, 557-564, (Fig. 3).eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007109).
- [Urartian Inscription of Joushinqaleh](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/joushinqaleh/): The inscription in the possession of an antiquities dealer was reportedly found at Joushinqaleh, a fortress on a steep and massive rock, located 3 km southeast of the village of Joushin, in the Varzaqan district of northwestern Iran, and positioned strategically on a pass between the Ahar Valley and the basin of Araxes. The basalt slab survives in two large and one small fragment seemingly preserving almost the entire inscription. It measures approximately 45 cm high, 90 cm wide and 20 cm deep. The author of the inscription, Ala son of Argišti, is not known from any other inscription. Orthography and syntax of the inscription as well as the find location suggest identifying him as a son of Argišti II.
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Anzaf Fortresses](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/anzaf-inscriptions/): References:Dinçol, A. & B. Dinçol. 1995. “Die neuen Inschriften und beschrifteten Bronzefunde aus den Ausgrabungen von den urartaischen Burgen von Anzaf,” in Studio Historiae Ardens (Fs Houwink ten Cate), eds. Th. P. J. van den Hout & J. de Roos, Leiden, pp. 23–55 (28–30 and Plt. 4).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 110–111, v. 3 pp. 59–60, v. 5 pp. 48–49.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006881).
- [Urartian Inscription of Thanahat](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/thanahat/): References:Haroutiounian, N. V. 1982. “La nouvelle inscription ourartéenne découverte en Arménie soviétique,” in Gesellschaft und Kultur im alten Vorderasien, ed. H. Klengel, Berlin, pp. 89–93.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 540–542, v. 3 p. 328–331, v. 5 pp. 308–310.Salvini, M. 2009. “Die Ausdehnung des Reiches Urartu unter Argišti II. (713–ca 685 v. Chr.),” Caucasian and Near Eastern Studies XIII (Gs Melikishvili), Tbilisi, pp. 203–227.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007094).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Toprakkale](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/toprakkale-inscriptions/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 647–648, v. 5 p. 360.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007124).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Bastam](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/bastam-inscriptions/): References:Salvini, M. 2005. “Der Turmtempel (susi) von Bastam”, AMIT 37, 371–375.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 577, v. 3 p. 357, v. 5 pp. 329–330.Dara, M. 2022. "The newly-donated Urartian inscription from Bastam by Rusa II," Journal of Archaeological Studies 14.2, 1-18 (Fig. 2). eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007104).
- [Urartian Inscription of Bulutpınar](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/bulutpinar/): The basalt stele was found in 2007 in the village of Bulutpınar (old Cemalverdi), located about 25 km northwest of Patnos. According to locals, the stele was found at and brought from a ruined Armenian cemetery. It originally had a cross carved on the blank top part, which was broken after its transfer to the village. The inscription, carved on both faces, is intact. It is 195.5 cm high (including the tenon), 55 cm wide, and 30 cm thick. The inscription on the front celebrates the building of a bridge on the River Arṣiani, the Urartian name of Murad Su (in Assyrian texts Arṣania), which is about 10 km west of the village. The back has a curse formula. A rectangular basalt stele base, almost certainly belonging to the Bulutpınar stele, was discovered in 2010 in the village of Beydamarı, about 5 km east of Bulutpınar.
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Unknown Origin](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/unknown/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 240–241, v. 3 p. 160, v. 5 p. 159.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006955).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Armavir](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/armavir-inscriptions/): References:Nikolsky, M. V. 1896. Klinoobraznye nadpisi Zakavkaz'ia, Materīaly po arkheologīi Kavkaza V, Moskva (No XI, Plt. VIII). Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 352–353, v. 3 pp. 229–230, v. 5 pp. 221–222.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007015).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Patnos and Aznavurtepe](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/patnos/): The cylindrical stone, likely a column base, was found in a secondary context in a church in Patnos. It most likely originated from the Urartian fortress Aznavurtepe located about 2 km northwest of the town. The block is 43 cm in height and has a diameter of 75 cm. It bears a partially damaged two-line inscription and is currently in the inventory of the Van Museum.
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Avnik](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/avnik/): References:Işık, K. 2021. “A recently discovered Urartian stele dedicated to the god Ua from Avnik/Erzurum in East Turkey,” AJNES 15, 156–162.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 452, v. 3 p. 290, v. 5 p. 281.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007084).
- [Urartian Inscription of Tsovinar](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/tsovinar/): References:Salvini, M. 2002. “The Historical Geography of the Sevan Region in the Urartian Period,” in The North-Eastern Frontier. Urartians and Non-Urartians in the Sevan Lake Basin. I. The Southern Shores, eds. R. Biscione, S. Hmayakyan & N. Parmegiani, Documenta Asiana 7, Rome, pp. 37–60 (56–57).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 496–497, v. 3 pp. 293–294, v. 5 pp. 283–284.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007086).
- [Urartian Inscription of Elar](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/elar/): References:Nikolsky, M. V. 1896. Klinoobraznye nadpisi Zakavkaz'ia, Materīaly po arkheologīi Kavkaza V, Moskva (No. VI, Plt. XXV). Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 348–349, v. 3 pp. 222–223, v. 5 pp. 216–217.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007009).
- [Urartian Inscription of Gulijan](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/gulijan/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 349, v. 3 pp. 224–225, v. 5 p. 217.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007010).
- [Urartian Inscription of Seqendel](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/seqendel/): References:Ceylan N. & M. Çiftçi. 2021. “Kuzeybatı İran’daki Urartu Yazıtlarındaki Savaş ve Propaganda İfadeleri,” MANAS 10.2, 1369–1388 (Foto 4).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 435, v. 3 p. 271, v. 5 p. 263.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007053).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Karahan](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/karahan/): References:Dinçol, A. M. & E. Kavaklı. 1978a. “Van bölgesinde bulunmuş yeni Urartu yazıtları / Die neuen Urartaeischen Inschriften aus der Umgebung von Van,” Jahrbuch für kleinasiatische Forschungen Beiheft 1, İstanbul. (15–19 / 55–59 and Plt. 5, Karahan 2).Dinçol, A. & E. Kavaklı. 1978b. “Karahan Köyünde Bulunan Dört Yeni Urartu Yazıtı-Neuere Urartaeische Inschriften aus dem Dorfe Karahan,” Anadolu Araştırmaları 6, 17–32 (24–26 and Plts. 9–10a, Karahan 8).Işık, K., B. Genç, B. Gökçe & R. Kuvanç. 2019. “Inscribed stelae fragments and a stela base recently found at Karahan, eastern Turkey, and the problem of Karahan in Urartian epigraphy,” AJNES 13-2, 100–119 (Figs. 7 and 15).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 112–115, v. 3 pp. 63–64, v. 5 pp. 50–52.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006884).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Yedikilise](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/yedikilise/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 224, v. 5 pp. 139–140.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006930).
- [Urartian Inscription of Bostankaya](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/bostankaya/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 71).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 248–249, v. 3 p. 172, v. 5 pp. 167–168.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006965).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Arin Berd](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/arinberd-inscriptions/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 354–355, v. 3 pp. 231–232, v. 5 pp. 223–224.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007018).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Zivistan](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/zivistan/): References:Işık, K. 2019. “Urartian inscriptions at the Van Museum. A New Collection,” in Over the Mountains and Far Away (Fs Salvini), eds. P. V. Avetisyan, R. Dan & Y. H. Grekyan, Oxford, pp. 296–303 (301–302).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 107–108, v. 3 pp. 56–57, v. 5 pp. 45–46.Tseretheli, G. V. 1939. Urartskie Pamjatniki Muzeja Gruzii/The Urartean Monuments in the Georgian Museum Tbilissi, Tbilisi (Plts. X–XII).eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006877).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Kavuncu](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kavuncu/): References:Işık, K. 2019. “Urartian inscriptions at the Van Museum. A New Collection,” in Over the Mountains and Far Away (Fs Salvini), eds. P. V. Avetisyan, R. Dan & Y. H. Grekyan, Oxford, pp. 296–303 (Fig. 6).Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (Plt. LV).Salvini, M. 2010. “Nuove iscrizioni urartee e collaziono,” SMEA 52, 279–287 (282).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 238, v. 3 p. 155, v. 5 p. 156.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006951).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Kevenli](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kevenli/): References:Belli, O. & M. Salvini. 2004. “The Urartian Fortress of Kevenli and the Cuneiform Inscriptions by King Minua found there,” SMEA 46, 155–174 (163–164).Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (No. 69).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 225–226, v. 3 p. 143, v. 5 pp. 140–141.Schulz, F. E. 1840. “Memoires sur le lac de Van et ses environs,” Journal Asiatique IX: 257–323 (No. XXIII).eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006932).
- [Urartian Inscription of Zivin](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/zivin/): References:König, F. W. 1955. Handbuch der Chaldischen Inschriften, Graz (Plt. 23).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 191–192, v. 3 p. 118, v. 5 pp. 107–108.Tseretheli, G. V. 1939. Urartskie Pamjatniki Muzeja Gruzii/The Urartean Monuments in the Georgian Museum Tbilissi, Tbilisi (Plt. XX–XXI).eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006902).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Körzüt](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/korzut-inscriptions/): References:Dan, R. 2024. "Old Data and New Investigations. The Urartian and Orontid Fortress of Körzüt in Muradiye Plain, Turkey”. Armeniaca 3, 9–40, (Fig. 3 & Fig. 16)Dinçol, A. M. 1976. “Die neuen urartäischen Inschriften aus Körzüt,” Istanbuler Mitteilungen 26, 19–30 and Plts. 3–5.Dinçol, A. M. & E. Kavaklı. 1978. “Van bölgesinde bulunmuş yeni Urartu yazıtları / Die neuen Urartaeischen Inschriften aus der Umgebung von Van,” Jahrbuch für kleinasiatische Forschungen Beiheft 1, İstanbul. (Plt. XV).Erdoğan, S. & A. Süğlüm. 2024. “Recently Discovered Urartian Cuneiform Inscriptions in the Temple of the Körzüt Fortress,” Anadolu Araştırmaları 31, 145–169.Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (Fig. 7, Plts. XV, XXII, XXIII).Salvini, M. 1980. “Un testo celebrativo di Menua,” SMEA 22, 137–168.Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 184–189, v. 3 pp. 107–116, v. 5 pp. 100–105.Salvini, M. 2025. “Written Documents of Ṭušpa,” in Ṭušpa: the Capital of Urartu, eds. E. Konyar & B. Genç, CHANE 143, Leiden, pp. 114–211 (Fig. 4.19).eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006900).
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Kalecik](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kalecik/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 107, v. 3 p. 56, v. 5 pp. 41–44.Schulz, F. E. 1840. “Memoires sur le lac de Van et ses environs,” Journal Asiatique IX: 257–323 (No XXXVI).eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006876).
- [Urartian Inscription of Taşköprü](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/taskopru/): References:Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 p. 433, v. 3 p. 269, v. 5 p. 261.Salvini, M. 2012. "Das Corpus der Urartäischen Inschriften," in Biainili-Urartu, eds. S. Kroll et al., Acta Iranica 51, Leuven, 111–134 (Fig. 08.06) eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q007050).
- [Armavir](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/armavir/): ➥ Armavir Inscriptions
- [Arin Berd](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/arinberd/): ➥ Arin Berd Inscriptions
- [Karmir Blur](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/karmirblur/): ➥ Karmir Blur Inscriptions
- [Bastam](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/bastam/): ➥ Bastam Inscriptions
- [Kaleköy](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kalekoy/): ➥ Kaleköy Inscription
- [Kayalıdere](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kayalidere/): Kayalıdere Fortress, located about 1.5 km west of Kayalıdere village in the Varto district, is one of the provincial centers that controlled the western regions of the Urartian Kingdom. It was built on a rocky ridge extending in a northwest-southeast direction along the banks of the Murat River (Eastern Euphrates).The site was first identified during surface surveys conducted in 1964. The first scientific excavations were carried out in 1965 by S. Lloyd and C. A. Burney, although only for a single season. These investigations revealed a temple and storage facilities with pithoi at the summit of the hill, while a multi-chambered rock-cut tomb was identified on its southeastern slope.The rock-cut tomb consists of six interconnected burial chambers. In two of these chambers, wells were identified, similar to those documented at Palu, Atabindi (Ağrı/Tutak) and Marifet (Erzurum/Pasinler). The purpose of these wells remains a subject of debate, with differing interpretations suggesting either ritual functions or use for the collection of refuse. The Kayalıdere tomb is the only known example that contains more than one well.Among the small finds uncovered during the excavations are many engraved metal objects and decorative pieces; however, no inscription has been discovered.Fifty-three years after this single season of excavation, rescue excavations were carried out in 2018–2019 as the settlement of Kayalıdere faced the threat of submersion beneath the waters of the Alparslan II Dam on the Murat River. The most significant discovery of these recent excavations was a cult area with stelae, located adjacent to the rock-cut tomb on the southeastern slope of the hill. Due to illegal excavations, all of the stelae were destroyed, with only partially preserved bases remaining. It is estimated that the original number of stelae was seven. Interpreted as a type of open-air sanctuary, comparable examples are also attested at Altıntepe, Aznavurtepe, and Yeşilalıç. The fact that the cult area at Kayalıdere, like that at Altıntepe, was established at a lower level than the citadel walls and in direct association with a tomb suggests that the rituals conducted here may have been connected with funerary practices.Since no inscription has yet been found in the surface surveys and excavations carried out at Kayalıdere, it cannot be determined with certainty when it was built. Based on its architectural features, it is estimated to have been constructed in the late 9th century BCE or the early 8th century BCE.
- [Anzaf Fortresses](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/anzaf/): ➥ Anzaf Inscriptions
- [Van Kalesi](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/vankale/): ➥ Van Kale Inscriptions ➥ Van Old City Inscriptions
- [Yeşilalıç Kapı](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/yesilalic/): ➥ Yeşilalıç Inscription
- [Meher Kapı](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/meher/): ➥ Meher Kapı Inscription
- [Çavuştepe](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/cavustepe/): ➥ Çavuştepe Inscriptions
- [Ayanis](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/ayanis/): ➥ Ayanis Inscriptions
- [Altıntepe](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/altintepe/): It is a fortress settlement located on the northwestern frontier of the Kingdom of Urartu, about 15 km east of the modern-day city center of Erzincan. Altıntepe (meaning "golden hill") fortress was established on top of a 60-meter-high volcanic hill at the southern edge of the mountain ranges that border the Erzincan Plain to the north.Altıntepe was first discovered by chance in 1938 during a road construction project when Urartian artifacts were unearthed. The first official excavations were carried out by Tahsin Özgüç between 1959 and 1966. A second phase of excavations began in 2003 under Mehmet Karaosmanoğlu.Although the hill saw intermittent settlement from the Bronze Age through the Byzantine era, the lack of inscriptions makes it difficult to determine the original name of the Urartian settlement or who founded it. Based on the words “Argišti” and “Rusahinili” found on two separate bronze fragments in a tomb, Özgüç proposed that the city was established during the reign of Rusa II, son of Argišti. Özgüç also categorized the Urartian-era structures into two distinct layers belong to the 8th and 7th centuries BCE.The fortress on the hilltop covers an area of about 200 meters. Byzantine walls later built on the site damaged the original Urartian fortifications and gateway. In addition to temple and palace complexes and storage facilities identified as Urartian in origin, a large columned hall measuring 44 by 25 meters was also discovered. Resembling structures found in Persian architecture, this building has been referred to as an “apadana.” Its construction date is debated: Özgüç attributed it to the early Urartian period, while Karaosmanoğlu suggested it was built later, in an expanded form during the late Urartian period. Scholar Geoffrey Summers, on the other hand, attributes the building to the Achaemenid era.One of the best-preserved features of the site is an open-air sanctuary built on a terrace below the southern slope of the hill. This sacred area includes four stelae placed side by side and a circular altar in front of them. It is believed to have been part of a cult site connected to nearby burial grounds.In the cemetery near the sanctuary, three underground tombs have been discovered. Two were found accidentally in 1938 and 1956, both partially damaged and looted. The third, however, was unearthed intact during Özgüç’s 1959 excavations. This three-chambered tomb is especially noteworthy, not only for the valuable artifacts it contained, but also for the presence of two stone sarcophagi, which had never before been seen in any Urartian tomb.
- [Palu Fortress](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/palu/): ➥ Palu Inscription
- [Kef Kalesi](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/kefkale/): Kef Kalesi (Kef Fortress) was established on a hill 2,200 meters high, located behind the town of Adilcevaz, on the northern shore of Lake Van. It stands on the southwestern slopes of Mount Süphan, which was considered sacred by the Urartians. The fortress is about 550 meters above the shore, overlooks Lake Van and the Adilcevaz Plain. It is one of the fortress settlements built by the Urartian King Rusa II (685–645 BCE).Two inscribed stone blocks found in the medieval Adilcevaz castle built near the lake shore are believed to have been taken from Kef Fortress and reused. The inscription (A 12-4), which is clearly belonged to a temple, that refers to the city as "Ḫaldiei URU KUR Ziuquni" (City of Haldi in Ziuquni Land).In 1956, British researcher C. Burney was the first to conduct a surface survey of Kef Kalesi while studying Urartian castles around Lake Van. The first official excavations took place between 1964 and 1972, led by E. Bilgiç and B. Öğün. Regular excavations resumed again in 2021.The castle is naturally protected on its east, west, and south sides by steep terrain, making access possible only from the north. The lower settlement was established in terraces on the southern side. There are remains of fortification walls surrounding both the castle and the lower settlement. Among the structures identified within the fortress are a multi-room palace complex and storage rooms with hundreds of pithoi (large earthenware jars used for goods container). Although a temple hasn’t been found yet, researchers believe there must have been one—just like in other similar Urartian settlements.What makes Kef Kalesi unique are the carved stone blocks with reliefs, a style not seen in Urartian architecture before King Rusa II. Burney first discovered these reused blocks in Adilcevaz Castle. Six separate pieces appear to have been cut from a single large block measuring about 4 by 3.5 meters, showing a man (an Urartian god?) figure standing on a bull, believed to have been moved from Kef Kalesi.Later excavations by Bilgiç and Öğün revealed a total of nine carved blocks, all with similar designs and inscriptions (see A 12-10). Each block is about 1.4 meters wide and 1.1 meters tall. All four sides are decorated with similar reliefs, and above them, a single-line cuneiform inscription runs around all four faces . The motifs and inscriptions on all the blocks are similar. The reliefs show winged human-like gods (or symbolic figures) standing on lions in front of fortified buildings with tall walls and windows. Eagles holding rabbits in their beaks are shown on top of the castle walls. According to the inscriptions, these blocks belonged to a building called "ašihusi", built by King Rusa, son of Argišti (Rusa II).The exact purpose of the ašihusi building is still debated, but it’s likely related to religious rituals or ceremonies. Some believe a large hall within the palace complex—featuring seven massive column bases built by basalt blocks—was the ašihusi building, and that the relief blocks once stood on top of these column bases.
- [Aznavurtepe](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/aznavurtepe/): ➥ Aznavurtepe and Patnos Inscriptions
- [Minua (Shamran) Canal](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/minua/): ➥ Minua Canal Inscriptions
- [Hazine Piri Kapısı](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/hazinepiri/): ➥ Hazine Piri Inscription
- [Körzüt](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/korzut/): ➥ Körzüt Inscriptions
- [Toprakkale](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/toprakkale/): ➥ Toprakkale Inscriptions
- [Urartian Inscriptions of Van Kale (Van Fortress)](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/vankale-inscriptions/): Six identical inscriptions written in the Assyrian language date to the reign of Sarduri I, making them the earliest dated inscriptions of the Urartian Kingdom. They are carved into the walls of the so-called Sardursburg (locally known as Sardur Burcu or Madır Burcu), which was likely a pier structure situated at the western edge of Van Kale. Three of these inscriptions (A, B, C), documented since the 19th century, are located on the west-facing blocks, while the remaining three (D, E, F) were uncovered on the east side during excavations in 1959. Each inscription covers an area of roughly 1 meter in width and 0.3 meters in height.
- [Urartian Inscriptions in and around Van Old City](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/vanoldcity/): References:Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1928–1935. Corpus Inscriptionum Chaldicarum, Berlin-Leipzig (Plts. IV–V).Salvini, M. 2008–2018. Corpus dei Testi Urartei, v. 1 pp. 131–134, v. 3 pp. 77–78, v. 5 pp. 61–64.eCUT – Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut/Q006889).

## Pages
- [Monumental Urartian Inscriptions](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/urartian-inscriptions/): Below is a list of all monumental Urartian inscriptions ordered chronologically by each king using the classificiation of Salvini’s CTU (2008–2018). The list does not include non-monumental items like metalware, clay tablets, seals, bulla, pottery, etc. The locations next to the inscription numbers indicate the find place or, if almost certain, the place of origin. Newer finds that have not yet been published in CTU are added with a question mark next to the predicted inscription number. A question mark next to the location indicates uncertainity about the origin/find location. Unless noted otherwise, all transliterations and translations follow the Electronic Corpus of Urartian Texts (eCUT). Notes like “after eCUT” or “after so-and-so” indicate some (mostly minor) corrections/updates have been made to the original. – Tayfun Bilgin (tayfun@bilgin.com)
- [Home](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/): Urartian Cities and MonumentsVan Kale/Tuspa - Meher Kapı - Toprakkale - Minua Canal - Hazine Piri - Çavuştepe - Anzaf - Ayanis - Kef Kalesi - Yeşilalıç - Aznavurtepe - Körzüt - Altıntepe - Palu - Kayalıdere - Kaleköy - Arin Berd - Karmir Blur - Armavir - Bastam
- [General Information about Urartians](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/general-information/): Urartians were an Anatolian civilization with a distinctive culture that, between the 9th and 7th centuries BCE, established dominance in Eastern Anatolia, the South Caucasus, and Northwestern Iran, with their capital centered in present-day Van (Tušpa).
- [Version History](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/version-history/): VersionDateChanges2.012026-06-08New images added for Ilandagh Inscription A 3-82.002025-12-24Urartian Inscriptions pages aded.1.102025-11-084 new sites added: Arin Berd, Karmir Blur, Armavir, and Bastam.1.012025-09-02Kayalıdere and Kaleköy sites added.1.002025-08-16First version launched.

## Categories
- [Urartian Inscriptions](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/category/urartian-inscriptions/)
- [Urartian Monuments](https://www.urartianmonuments.com/category/urartian-monuments/)